A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. Except for the rare case of herpes meningitis, viral meningitis will resolve on its own after 7 to 10 days. This time last year public health officials were grappling with a meningitis outbreak linked to fungus found in tainted medication now officials are trying to rein in a different outbreak of meningitis, more specifically meningococcal disease, popping up on a college campus, including princeton university. Most individuals are exposed to these viruses at some point in their lives, but few people get viral meningitis. For more information on vaccine recommendations and meningococcal disease, visit our meningitis website. Long the most trusted book of its kind, the cdc yellow book is an essential resource in an everchanging field and an everchanging world. The yellow book is produced every two years, and is published through a unique collaboration between. May 30, 2018 meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. This is normally caused by infection but can also have non. A beloved travel musthave for the intrepid wanderer. Countryspecific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, countrylevel maps. Countryspecific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, countrylevel maps detailed maps showing distribution of travelrelated illnesses, including dengue, japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis guidelines for selftreating. Hib can lead to meningitis infection of the brain and spinal cord coverings.
Je virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, primarily culex species. The swelling from meningitis typically triggers symptoms such as headache, fever and a stiff neck. However, permanent disabilities such as brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities can result from the infection. Nov 30, 2017 according to the centers for disease control and prevention cdc, the symptoms of meningitis can appear either suddenly or over a few days. Meningococcal disease is typically diagnosed by isolation of n. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, cdc health information for international travel more commonly known as the yellow book is the definitive guide to staying healthy and safe anywhere in the world. Meningitis about bacterial meningitis infection cdc. One case sparks national action imagine a patient goes to the doctor for a routine steroid injection. Meningococcal disease yellow book bacterial meningitis. Outbreak of meningitis causing health officials to. Health information for international travel cdc health information for international travel cdc, centers for disease control and prevention, brunette, gary w. Bacterial meningitis is very serious and can be deadly.
Cdcs yellow book health information for international travel is published every two years as a resource for health professionals providing care to international travelers. May 20, 2019 viral meningitis due to enterovirus peaks in midsummer through early autumn. Meningococcal disease generally occurs 110 days after exposure and presents as meningitis in. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes meninges surrounding your brain and spinal cord. This includes both the a, c, w and y immunization and the b vaccination.
Before there was a vaccine, hib disease was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under 5 years of age in the u. Viral infections are the most common cause of meningitis. Many people confuse meningitis and meningococcal disease. Cdcs yellow book health information for international travel is published every two years as a resource for health professionals providing care. Rent cdc yellow book 2020 health information for international travel 1st edition 9780190065973 and save up to 80% on textbook rentals and 90% on used textbooks. Now in its 31st edition, it provides the most uptodate information on a wide variety of infectious diseases that physicians encounter in children.
Meningitis meningococcal vaccination passport health. In 2011, the cdc reported the incident rate of bacterial meningitis had declined by nearly onethird over the last decade, due in part to the introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine that protects children from streptococcus pneumoniae. However, sensitivity of bacterial culture may be low, particularly when performed after initiation of antibiotic therapy. Table of contents 2020 yellow book travelers health cdc. Meningococcal meningitis is characterized by sudden onset of headache, fever, and stiffness of the neck, sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, or altered mental status. There are three types of meningococcal vaccines available in the us, and. In severe and fatal cases of meningococcal meningitis, raised intracranial pressure is a predominant presenting feature. Meningitis is an infection of the tissues that cover the brain and spinal cord. According to the centers for disease control and prevention cdc, the symptoms of meningitis can appear either suddenly or over a few days. Approximately 40% of people with meningococcal disease present with meningococcal sepsis, known as meningococcemia. Meningococcal disease is a type of illness caused by neisseria meningitidis bacteria.
Written by the top experts in the field and edited by the committee on infectious diseases of the american academy of. Health information for international travel cdc health information for international travel. Meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord known as the meninges. Cdc s yellow book health information for international travel is published every two years as a resource for health professionals providing care. Journal of hospital infectionthe cdc yellow book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad. Meningitis occurs when the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord become inflamed. These include hepatitis a monovalent, typhoid injectable, polio inactivated, cholera, and quadrivalent acwy meningococcal meningitis vaccines see the.
Meningococcal disease what meningococcal disease is meningococcal disease is illness caused by the bacterium neisseria meningitidis, also known as meningococcal bacteria. The definitive reference for travel medicine, updated for 2020. The cdc yellow book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad. Cases of bacterial meningitis caused by haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, group a streptococcus, and listeria monocytogenes should be reported to cdcs national notifiable diseases surveillance system under the disease codes specific for these organisms. Only cases of bacterial meningitis caused by organisms other than those specified should be reported as cases of. Japanese encephalitis je virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus and is closely related to west nile and saint louis encephalitis viruses. Aseptic meningitis is a syndrome of multiple etiologies, but many cases are caused by a viral agent. The inflammation is usually caused by an infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Young children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as. Cdc yellow book 2020 health information for international travel centers for disease control and prevention cdc, editor in chief. Travel vaccines and advice for kenya passport health. They normally emerge in 3 to 7 days after infection. Cdc yellow book 2020 by centers for disease control and prevention cdc, 9780190928933. Yes, some vaccines are recommended or required for kenya.
Information on this website is available in alternative formats upon request. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Viral meningitis can also be a complication of mumps, chickenpox, or other viral diseases. Jun 25, 2019 cdc yellow book 2020 by centers for disease control and prevention cdc, 9780190928933, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Bacterial meningitis in the united states, 19982007 external icon. The impact of global partnerships in fighting bacterial meningitis. This is normally caused by infection but can also have noninfectious causes. Cdc yellow book 2020 health information for international.
Back to top rent cdc yellow book 2020 1st edition 9780190065973 today, or search our site for other textbooks by centers for disease control and prevention cdc. Princeton weighs offering vaccine in meningitis outbreak. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Cdc, centers for disease control and prevention, brunette, gary w. Cdc yellow book 2020 hardcover centers for disease. Meningococcal disease cdc yellow book relief central. Yellow book chapter on meningococcal disease cdcs health information. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis. Most cases of meningitis in the united states are caused by a viral infection, but bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections are other causes. Meningococcal infections red book 2015 red book online.
Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis guidelines for selftreating common travel conditions, including altitude illness, jet lag, motion sickness, and travelers diarrhea. Signs and symptoms of meningococcal meningitis are indistinguishable from those associated with acute meningitis caused by other meningeal pathogens eg, streptococcus pneumoniae. The 1990 case definition appearing on this page was republished in the 1997 mmwr recommendations and reports titled case definitions for infectious conditions under public health surveillance. Travelers or others who could be exposed to meningitis should also be vaccinated this includes. A couple weeks later, the patient feels sick headache, fever and suddenly uncomfortable in bright light. Meningitis is an infection of the fluids that line the brain and spinal cord. In severe and fatal cases of meningococcal meningitis, raised intracranial pressure is a. Meningitis can be caused by many different germs including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Although meningococcal outbreaks can occur anywhere in the world, they are most common in the african meningitis belt, and largescale epidemics occur every. May 27, 2005 the cdc recommends children receive a newly approved meningitis vaccine at ages 1112 or before high school or college the meningitis vaccine called menactra meningitis vaccine. Other causes of meningitis include viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, amoebas and injuries. Meningitis is also referred to as spinal meningitis.
Viral meningitis occurs more often in children than in adults. Measles rubeola yellow book meningitis meningococcal disease cdc recommends this vaccine for travelers who plan to visit parts of senegal located in the meningitis belt during the dry season decemberjune, when the disease is most common. Viral meningitis is an infection of the tissues covering the brain caused by one of several types of viruses. Disease outbreak control division viral meningitis. Measles rubeola yellow book meningitis meningococcal disease cdc recommends this vaccine for travelers who plan to visit parts of benin located in the meningitis belt during the dry season decemberjune, when the disease is most common. Meningococcal disease answers are found in the cdc yellow book powered by unbound medicine. We report epidemic and viral information for 10 of these patients, 6 of whom had been vaccinated before travel. A gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid csf showing gramnegative diplococci strongly suggests meningococcal meningitis. Required vaccines include meningitis see below andfor anyone arriving from a yellow feverendemic countryyellow fever. In general, livevirus vaccines mmr, varicella, yellow fever should be. Criteria for clinics providing yellow fever vaccinations. The virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes and amplifying vertebrate hosts, primarily pigs and wading birds. Viral meningitis also called aseptic meningitis is the most common type of meningitis.
During march and april 2016, 11 yellow fever cases were identified in china. Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. Meningococcal vaccination is required for travelers entering saudi arabia for the annual. The yellow book is produced every two years, and is published through a unique collaboration between the centers for disease control and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis vaccination is recommended for individuals over 11yearsold. Journal of hospital infection the cdc yellow book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad.
Other, rarer causes of meningitis include fungi, parasites, and noninfectious causes, including those that are related to drugs. Meningococcal resources centers for disease control and. Cdc recommends this vaccine for travelers who plan to visit parts of mali located in the. Vaccines for the international traveler minnesota dept. Meningococcal disease in cdc health information for international travelers yellow book. Bacterial meningitis, formerly called spinal meningitis, is a very serious and potentially fatal infection. Tickborne encephalitis tbe virus is a singlestranded rna virus that belongs to the genus flavivirus. The fully revised and updated cdc yellow book 2020 compiles the us governments most current travel health guidelines. Epidemiology and prevention of vaccinepreventable diseases. Publishers weekly a truly excellent and comprehensive resource. May 27, 2005 may 27, 2005 the cdc recommends children receive a newly approved meningitis vaccine at ages 1112 or before high school or college the meningitis vaccine called menactra meningitis vaccine. Criteria for clinics providing yellow fever vaccinations pdf. Phylogenetic analyses suggest these viruses nested within the. Meningitis is an inflammation swelling of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
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